Individual Report for Jean Mendel
Prepared June 02, 2021
Key Terms To Know
Click on dotted underlined terms for explanations.
The above terms are important for understanding this report.
SR Gene Region
influences female and male development
This section is as an introduction to the format of this report using well known traits and genes.
OCA2 Gene Region
influences eye color
Allele Types:
- Light
- Dark
| Predictable | Dark Eye Color | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs normally have dark eyes, typically brown. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
OCA2 is a major influence on eye color. It produces melanin, a pigment that
affects the color of your eyes. People with more melanin in the iris have
darker eyes, whereas those with less melanin have lighter eyes.
Blue, green, and grey eyes are lighter and contain less melanin. Hazel eyes are in the middle of the dark-light spectrum. Brown eyes have higher concentrations of melanin. Certain mutations in OCA2 lead to albinism, of which one trait is blue eyes.
African and Asian populations typically have alleles for darker eyes, whereas alleles for lighter eyes are more prevalent in European populations. According to one study, the mutation for light eyes occurred in Europe 6,000 to 10,000 years ago.
A common misconception is that only one gene controls eye color. In fact, other genes also influence this trait, including TYRP1, ASIP, and ALC42A5.
Since OCA2 is the primary genetic influence on eye color and there are no common environmental factors impacting this trait, Gene Heritage has labeled OCA2 a MAJOR influence. OCA2 also has a minor to moderate influence on skin and hair color. ...
Blue, green, and grey eyes are lighter and contain less melanin. Hazel eyes are in the middle of the dark-light spectrum. Brown eyes have higher concentrations of melanin. Certain mutations in OCA2 lead to albinism, of which one trait is blue eyes.
African and Asian populations typically have alleles for darker eyes, whereas alleles for lighter eyes are more prevalent in European populations. According to one study, the mutation for light eyes occurred in Europe 6,000 to 10,000 years ago.
A common misconception is that only one gene controls eye color. In fact, other genes also influence this trait, including TYRP1, ASIP, and ALC42A5.
Since OCA2 is the primary genetic influence on eye color and there are no common environmental factors impacting this trait, Gene Heritage has labeled OCA2 a MAJOR influence. OCA2 also has a minor to moderate influence on skin and hair color. ...
How OCA2 Works
OCA2 contains instructions for a protein in specialized cells of the iris that
produce melanin. These cells are known as melanocytes. Within each melanocyte
are compartments called melanosomes that store and transport melanin.
Variation in eye color is related to both the number of melanosomes in your eyes as well as the concentration of melanin within each melanosome. If you have darker eyes, you probably have more melanosomes and melanin, whereas if you have lighter eyes you likely have less of both.
Adjacent to OCA2 on chromosome 15 is the HERC2 gene, which interacts with OCA2 to influence eye color. The OCA2 gene region includes both OCA2 and HERC2. People with blue eyes almost all share a common mutation on HERC2. ...
Variation in eye color is related to both the number of melanosomes in your eyes as well as the concentration of melanin within each melanosome. If you have darker eyes, you probably have more melanosomes and melanin, whereas if you have lighter eyes you likely have less of both.
Adjacent to OCA2 on chromosome 15 is the HERC2 gene, which interacts with OCA2 to influence eye color. The OCA2 gene region includes both OCA2 and HERC2. People with blue eyes almost all share a common mutation on HERC2. ...
ABCC11 Gene
influences skin glands that produce armpit odor & earwax
Allele Types:
- Dry
- Wet
| Predictable | Wet-type Earwax | |
| Predictable | More Armpit Odor | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs have moist, brownish earwax. While they tend to have more armpit odor than those with two "Dry" alleles, many other factors influence this trait, especially personal hygiene. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
Although the connection between earwax-type and armpit odor is hard to see at
first glance, both traits are controlled by specialized skin glands influenced
by ABCC11.
The “Dry” allele is more prevalent in Asia. According to one study, the mutation for the “Dry” allele first appeared around 40,000 years ago in Northeast Asia, then spread to other parts of the continent. The “Dry” allele is most common in Korea, China, Mongolia, and western Japan.
The “Wet” allele is most common in African and European populations.
Many non-genetic factors influence armpit odor, especially personal hygiene. ...
The “Dry” allele is more prevalent in Asia. According to one study, the mutation for the “Dry” allele first appeared around 40,000 years ago in Northeast Asia, then spread to other parts of the continent. The “Dry” allele is most common in Korea, China, Mongolia, and western Japan.
The “Wet” allele is most common in African and European populations.
Many non-genetic factors influence armpit odor, especially personal hygiene. ...
How ABCC11 Works
Earwax-type and armpit odor are both produced by specialized skin glands that
differ from the majority of other glands. ABCC11 encodes a protein involved in
apocrine secretion in these specialized glands. In the case of body odor (or
“osmidrosis” for those looking to boost their vocabulary), armpits excrete
chemical compounds that interact with microorganisms on the skin.
Earwax (or “cerumen”) aids in the cleaning and lubrication of ear canals. It also provides some protection against bacteria, fungi, insects, and water. ...
Earwax (or “cerumen”) aids in the cleaning and lubrication of ear canals. It also provides some protection against bacteria, fungi, insects, and water. ...
TAS2R38 Gene
influences taste sensitivity to PTC, PROP,
& similar bitter chemicals in red wine
Allele Types:
- Insensitive
- Semi-sensitive
- Sensitive
| Predictable | PTC & PROP Taste Very Bitter | |
| Predictable | Red Wine More Bitter | |
| Predictable | Broccoli Tastes More Bitter | |
| Allele Pair | Most people with these allele pairs taste the chemicals PTC/PROP as very bitter. Red wine and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli probably taste slightly more bitter to them. Since wine and vegetables contain many substances, their bitterness may be masked and hard to perceive. | |
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Inheritance & Origins
Insensitive (Global)
Jean did not inherit any "Insensitive" alleles of TAS2R38. This allele has been widespread globally for tens of thousands of years.
Did You Know?
TAS2R38 influences your sensitivity to bitterness in certain naturally
occurring chemicals in red wine and cruciferous vegetables,
such as Brussels sprouts and broccoli.
PTC and PROP
are both synthetics that taste similarly bitter to these chemicals.
Unlike white wine, red wine is fermented with grape skin. This gives red wine a wider variety of chemicals that can be tasted. For all you oenophiles and sommeliers out there, the study we base our reporting on used a Piave Raboso DOC red wine, 2008 vintage, cultivated in the Veneto region of Italy. Cin cin!
Since PTC and PROP come in pure chemical form, they’re easier to taste and TAS2R38’s influence on perceiving them has been labelled MAJOR by Gene Heritage. ...
Unlike white wine, red wine is fermented with grape skin. This gives red wine a wider variety of chemicals that can be tasted. For all you oenophiles and sommeliers out there, the study we base our reporting on used a Piave Raboso DOC red wine, 2008 vintage, cultivated in the Veneto region of Italy. Cin cin!
Since PTC and PROP come in pure chemical form, they’re easier to taste and TAS2R38’s influence on perceiving them has been labelled MAJOR by Gene Heritage. ...
How TAS2R38 Works
TAS2R38 encodes instructions for building one of the more than 20 different
types of bitterness taste receptors in the taste buds of your tongue.
The ability to taste bitterness likely helped our
ancestors avoid toxic foods.
For a fun experiment, order taste strips to test your sensitivity to PTC and PROP. ...
For a fun experiment, order taste strips to test your sensitivity to PTC and PROP. ...
TAS1R3 Gene Region
influences taste sensitivity to sugar
Allele Types:
- Insensitive
- Sensitive
| Predictable | Average Sweet Sensitivity | |
| Allele Pair | People with this allele pair tend to have average taste sensitivity to sugars like sucrose, glucose, and fructose. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
Higher sensitivity to sugar does not mean you have a "sweet tooth". In one
study, a group of mothers with less sweet sensitivity preferred higher levels
of sugar. In the same study, children preferred higher levels of sugar
regardless of their sweet sensitivity.
For humans and other primates, the ability to taste sweetness is an important trait as our diet relies largely upon fruit and other plant foods containing sugar. By contrast, cats and many carnivorous animals have lost their sweet receptor over the course of evolution. ...
For humans and other primates, the ability to taste sweetness is an important trait as our diet relies largely upon fruit and other plant foods containing sugar. By contrast, cats and many carnivorous animals have lost their sweet receptor over the course of evolution. ...
How TAS1R3 Works
The TAS1R3 and TAS1R2 genes encode proteins which combine to form a taste
receptor for sugars like sucrose, glucose and fructose. This report detects DNA
in a region of DNA adjacent to TAS1R3 which influences the construction of the
sweet taste receptor. The alleles detected in this report are based on a nearby
region of DNA which regulates the expression of the TAS1R3 protein. TAS1R3 also
combines with TAS1R1 to form the umami taste receptor.
...
TAS2R31 Gene Region
influences bitterness sensitivity to saccharin
Allele Types:
- Insensitive
- Sensitive
| Predictable | Saccharin More Bitter | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs usually taste saccharin as more bitter that those with two “Insensitive” alleles. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
The TAS2R31 gene region influences bitter taste sensitivity to saccharin, an
artificial sweetener used in drinks, candies, and medicines. It’s a primary
ingredient in Sweet ‘N Low. The TAS2R31 region also influences sensitivity to
caffeine and quinine, as well as a chemical found in artichokes.
People who find saccharin bitter tend to have a similar taste reaction to acesulfame potassium, another artificial sweetener. ...
People who find saccharin bitter tend to have a similar taste reaction to acesulfame potassium, another artificial sweetener. ...
How TAS2R31 Works
TAS2R31 and the adjacent TAS2R43 and TAS2R46 genes encode
instructions for building three of the more than 20 different types of
bitterness taste receptors in the taste buds of your tongue. All three genes
tend to be inherited together.
The ability to taste bitterness likely helped our ancestors avoid toxic foods. ...
The ability to taste bitterness likely helped our ancestors avoid toxic foods. ...
TAS1R1 Gene
a minor influence on umami sensitivity, the "fifth" taste sense
Allele Types:
- Insensitive
- Sensitive
| Predictable | Average Umami Sensitivity | |
| Allele Pair | People with this allele pair tend to have average taste sensitivity to glutamic acid, a compound giving foods their savory umami taste. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
Umami is one of five basic tastes, along with sweetness, sourness, bitterness,
and saltiness. Identified in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda, a professor at the Tokyo
Imperial University, umami means “pleasant savory taste” in Japanese. It’s
typically described as “savory,” “meaty,” and “brothy,” as well as having a
mouthwatering and coating sensation over the tongue.
Umami is found in glutamate, a naturally-occurring compound in meat broths, fermented products, tomatoes, cheese, and many other foods. Glutamate is also used to add flavor in the form of monosodium glutamate, or MSG. ...
Umami is found in glutamate, a naturally-occurring compound in meat broths, fermented products, tomatoes, cheese, and many other foods. Glutamate is also used to add flavor in the form of monosodium glutamate, or MSG. ...
How TAS1R1 Works
The TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 genes encode proteins which combine to form the umami
taste receptor for glutamic acid, a compound giving foods their savory umami
taste. Because there are specific taste receptors for umami, scientists
consider it a distinct taste.
...
OR5A1 Gene
influences sensitivity to floral odorants of β-ionone,
rose oil & violets
Allele Types:
- Insensitive
- Sensitive
| Predictable | Easily Smells β-ionone | |
| Predictable | Violets & Rose Oil More Fragrant | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs are more sensitive to floral odorants of β-ionone than those with two "Insensitive" alleles. They tend to perceive violets and rose oil as more floral and fragrant than those with two "Insensitive" alleles. | |
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Jean | |
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Did You Know?
OR5A1 is a major influence on smell sensitivity to beta-ionone
(β‑ionone), a compound found in violets and roses. It’s also found in various
foods, beverages, and personal and household care products. Rose oil contains
beta-ionone and is used in perfumery and other applications to provide a floral
scent. Beta-ionone is perceived as “fragrant”, “floral”, “aromatic”, or “perfume-like”.
If you're sensitive to beta-ionone, you may have a different emotional response to it than someone who's insensitive. Just because you're sensitive doesn't mean you'll necessarily either like or dislike its smell.
For a fun experiment, purchase a smell kit to test your sensitivity to various scents. ...
If you're sensitive to beta-ionone, you may have a different emotional response to it than someone who's insensitive. Just because you're sensitive doesn't mean you'll necessarily either like or dislike its smell.
For a fun experiment, purchase a smell kit to test your sensitivity to various scents. ...
How OR5A1 Works
The human nose contains hundreds of olfactory receptors that
perceive a wide range of smells. OR5A1 encodes a specific olfactory receptor
that interacts with the odorant molecules of beta-ionone (β‑ionone) to trigger
perception of this compound. It also triggers the perception of
other chemicals similar to beta-ionone.
OR5A1 is one of about 1000 genes in the olfactory gene family, although only several hundred of these actually encode for various smells. The olfactory gene family is the largest known family of genes. While most of these genes have a minor to moderate influence on perceiving smells, Gene Heritage has labelled OR5A1 a MAJOR influence on smell sensitivity to beta-ionone based on the findings of various scientific studies. ...
OR5A1 is one of about 1000 genes in the olfactory gene family, although only several hundred of these actually encode for various smells. The olfactory gene family is the largest known family of genes. While most of these genes have a minor to moderate influence on perceiving smells, Gene Heritage has labelled OR5A1 a MAJOR influence on smell sensitivity to beta-ionone based on the findings of various scientific studies. ...
OR7D4 Gene
influences smell sensitivity to masculine odorants in a human pheromone
Allele Types:
- Sensitive
- Insensitive
| Predictable | Smells Androstadienone | |
| Allele Pair | People with this allele pair tend to have smell sensitivity to masculine odorants in androstadienone, a human pheromone, that lies in between those with two "Sensitive" alleles and those with two "Insensitive" ones. | |
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Did You Know?
OR7D4 influences smell sensitivity to androstadienone, a human pheromone found in urine, saliva,
armpit sweat, and semen. Men have more of it than women do. Androstadienone
aids in gender recognition; in particular, it communicates “maleness”
to women and homosexual men. In high concentrations,
it can have a strong and unpleasant smell. Although it’s used in male fragrances,
androstadienone has not been proven to increase sexual attraction.
OR7D4 also influences smell sensitivity to androstenone (not to be confused with androstadienone), a pheromone in certain mammals like boars. Female pigs assume a mating stance upon inhaling androstenone. Androstenone also plays a role in social dominance.
Animal androstenone is variously described as “musky”, “strong”, “urinous”, “sweaty”, “floral”, “sweet”, “vanilla-like”, or “odorless”. In one study, 70% of the women found its smell to be “repellant”. ...
OR7D4 also influences smell sensitivity to androstenone (not to be confused with androstadienone), a pheromone in certain mammals like boars. Female pigs assume a mating stance upon inhaling androstenone. Androstenone also plays a role in social dominance.
Animal androstenone is variously described as “musky”, “strong”, “urinous”, “sweaty”, “floral”, “sweet”, “vanilla-like”, or “odorless”. In one study, 70% of the women found its smell to be “repellant”. ...
How OR7D4 Works
TThe OR7D4 gene encodes a specific olfactory receptor that interacts with the odorant molecules
of androstadienone to trigger perception of this particular compound.
People with two ‘Dry’ alleles of the ABCC11 gene tend to produce less androstadienone and androstenone. ...
People with two ‘Dry’ alleles of the ABCC11 gene tend to produce less androstadienone and androstenone. ...
OR6B2 Gene
influences smell sensitivity to
isobutyraldehyde,
a chemical found in many foods and beverages
Allele Types:
- Insensitive
- Sensitive
| Predictable | Easily Smells Isobutyraldehyde | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs are more sensitive to odorants of isobutyraldehyde, a chemical found in many foods and beverages, than those with two "Insensitive" alleles. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
OR6B2 is a moderate influence on smell sensitivity to
isobutyraldehyde,
an organic compound and key contributor to the smell of a wide range of foods
and beverages as varied as
beer, Gouda cheese, Thai fish sauce, dark chocolate, tea infusions,
and truffles.
When people smell the pure chemical form of isobutyraldehyde, they have
surprisingly different smell associations
such as:
"burnt", "caramel", "cocoa", "green", and "malt".
If you're sensitive to isobutyraldehyde, you may have a different emotional response to it than someone who's insensitive. Just because you're sensitive doesn't mean you'll necessarily either like or dislike its smell. ...
If you're sensitive to isobutyraldehyde, you may have a different emotional response to it than someone who's insensitive. Just because you're sensitive doesn't mean you'll necessarily either like or dislike its smell. ...
How OR6B2 Works
The human nose contains hundreds of olfactory receptors that
perceive a wide range of smells. OR6B2 encodes a specific olfactory receptor
that interacts with the odorant molecules of
isobutyraldehyde to trigger perception
of this compound. It also triggers the perception of other chemicals similar to
isobutyraldehyde.
OR6B2 is one of about 1000 genes in the olfactory gene family, although only several hundred of these actually encode for various smells. ...
OR6B2 is one of about 1000 genes in the olfactory gene family, although only several hundred of these actually encode for various smells. ...
OR2J3 Gene
influences smell sensitivity to leaf alcohol, a grassy-scented plant substance
Allele Types:
- Sensitive
- Insensitive
| Predictable | Hardly Smells Leaf Alcohol | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs tend to be less sensitive to grassy odorants in leaf alcohol than those with two "Sensitive" alleles. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
OR2J3 influences smell sensitivity to leaf alcohol, a plant substance described
as smelling “green grassy” or like “cut grass”. It’s a key flavor in many foods
and beverages including raspberries, broccoli, and white wine. Leaf alcohol is
added to fragrances as well as processed food and beverages to give a fresh grassy note.
...
How OR2J3 Works
The OR2J3 gene encodes a specific olfactory receptor that detects chemical
similarities to leaf alcohol (cis-3-hexen-1-ol).
Leaf alcohol is produced by the linolenic acid of plants when they're wounded;
a common example of this is when a freshly mowed lawn gives off a “cut-grass” smell.
The insensitive allele originated from an African mutation that spread into Eurasia. Only about 1/8th of Eurasians carry it versus half of Africans. ...
The insensitive allele originated from an African mutation that spread into Eurasia. Only about 1/8th of Eurasians carry it versus half of Africans. ...
OR2M7 Gene
a minor influence on smell sensitivity to pungent odorants in asparagusic
acid waste
Allele Types:
- Insensitive
- Sensitive
| Predictable | Easily Smells Asparagusic Acid Waste | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs tend to be more sensitive to the pungent odorants in asparagusic acid waste than those with two "Insensitive" alleles. Their urine tends to be smelly to them after eating asparagus. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
After eating asparagus, your urine may give off a pungent smell,
unpleasant to most. French novelist Marcel Proust sarcastically
wrote how asparagus “transforms my chamber-pot into a flask of
perfume.” Benjamin Franklin was aware of asparagus’
transformative powers as well, writing “A few Stems of Asparagus
eaten, shall give our Urine a disagreable Odour.” This “Odour” is
typically noticeable within an hour of eating asparagus. The
OR2M7 gene region influences your ability to perceive this smell. Independent of smell,
individuals produce different amounts of the smelly odorants in asparagusic acid waste.
...
How OR2M7 Works
During digestion, asparagus’ sulfurous amino acids are broken
down into volatile chemical components that vaporize easily into
the air; when you urinate, these airborne components travel to
your nose. Like other sulfurous substances, such as
garlic, rotten eggs, and skunk spray, the resulting odor is
usually perceived as stinky.
The genetic variant for this trait is outside—but near—the DNA that encodes OR2M7. However, it’s likely that OR2M7 is linked to the olfactory receptor that detects asparagus’ smelly byproduct.
For a fun experiment, nosh on some asparagus and then sniff your urine afterwards to see if you detect a pungent smell. This test is absolutely free. ...
The genetic variant for this trait is outside—but near—the DNA that encodes OR2M7. However, it’s likely that OR2M7 is linked to the olfactory receptor that detects asparagus’ smelly byproduct.
For a fun experiment, nosh on some asparagus and then sniff your urine afterwards to see if you detect a pungent smell. This test is absolutely free. ...
ALDH2 Gene
influences body's alcohol processing
Allele Types:
- Off
- On
| Predictable | Skin Red After Ethanol Patch | |
| Predictable | Facial Flush From Alcohol | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs show skin redness after application of an ethanol patch. They usually have a facial flush reaction after drinking alcohol; reddish blotches may appear on their face, neck, and shoulders. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
Facial flush is manifested by the appearance of reddish blotches on the face, neck, shoulders, and sometimes
entire body upon consuming alcohol. It's also known as “Alcohol flush” and “Asian flush” due
to the much higher presence of the “On” allele in East Asian populations.
Environmental factors such as habitual long-term drinking appear to reduce the severity of a flush reaction. Additional factors include the effect of other genes and how much (and what) you’ve eaten. Ingesting more alcohol increases the severity of the reaction.
Approximately 40% of Japanese have at least one “On” allele. Other East Asian groups such as Koreans and Chinese have at least one “On” allele around 30% of the time. Studies theorize the “On” mutation first surfaced in Asia thousands of years ago. Facial flush is much less common in African and European populations. ...
Environmental factors such as habitual long-term drinking appear to reduce the severity of a flush reaction. Additional factors include the effect of other genes and how much (and what) you’ve eaten. Ingesting more alcohol increases the severity of the reaction.
Approximately 40% of Japanese have at least one “On” allele. Other East Asian groups such as Koreans and Chinese have at least one “On” allele around 30% of the time. Studies theorize the “On” mutation first surfaced in Asia thousands of years ago. Facial flush is much less common in African and European populations. ...
How ALDH2 Works
ALDH2 encodes an enzyme involved in the processing of alcohol. The presence of an
“On” allele interferes with the body’s ability to break down acetaldehyde, a
toxic byproduct of alcohol. The accumulation of this byproduct causes blood
vessels to dilate and skin to turn red.
For a fun experiment, do a DIY ethanol patch test to confirm whether you have a flush reaction. ALDH2’s influence on whether or not your skin turns red upon application of an ethanol patch is considered MAJOR by Gene Heritage, since this test is not affected by other genetic or environmental factors. ...
For a fun experiment, do a DIY ethanol patch test to confirm whether you have a flush reaction. ALDH2’s influence on whether or not your skin turns red upon application of an ethanol patch is considered MAJOR by Gene Heritage, since this test is not affected by other genetic or environmental factors. ...
LCT Gene Region
a moderate influence on how much lactose is tolerated in adulthood
Allele Types:
- Off
- On
| Predictable | Lactose Tolerance | |
| Allele Pair | People with these allele pairs usually digest more lactose in adulthood than adults with two "Off" alleles. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
The LCT gene region influences your tolerance in adulthood to lactose, a sugar
commonly found in milk and dairy products.
Different dairy products have varying amounts of lactose. Milk contains a relatively high amount of lactose. Yogurt and cheese have much less of it.
Regardless of our tolerance or intolerance to lactose, as infants we’re still able to digest human milk. Tolerance to lactose is age-dependent, only manifesting itself towards adulthood. It’s also dosage-dependent, so those with lactose intolerance may still be able to consume milk and dairy products in limited amounts.
People with lactose intolerance sometimes take over-the-counter lactase pills to help them digest lactose. Different bacteria in your gut and the amount of food you’ve eaten also influence how much lactose you’re able to tolerate. ...
Different dairy products have varying amounts of lactose. Milk contains a relatively high amount of lactose. Yogurt and cheese have much less of it.
Regardless of our tolerance or intolerance to lactose, as infants we’re still able to digest human milk. Tolerance to lactose is age-dependent, only manifesting itself towards adulthood. It’s also dosage-dependent, so those with lactose intolerance may still be able to consume milk and dairy products in limited amounts.
People with lactose intolerance sometimes take over-the-counter lactase pills to help them digest lactose. Different bacteria in your gut and the amount of food you’ve eaten also influence how much lactose you’re able to tolerate. ...
How LCT Works
LCT encodes lactase, an enzyme in your small intestine that breaks lactose down
into simpler sugars called glucose and galactose. When less of this enzyme is
present, undigested lactose gets trapped in the gut and is broken down by
bacteria, resulting in gas, bloating, cramps, diarrhea, and other symptoms.
The “Off” allele has been widespread globally for tens of thousands of years, whereas the “On” allele is a relatively recent European mutation. European populations tend to be more lactose tolerant than African and Asian ones. ...
The “Off” allele has been widespread globally for tens of thousands of years, whereas the “On” allele is a relatively recent European mutation. European populations tend to be more lactose tolerant than African and Asian ones. ...
ACTN3 Gene
a minor influence on sprinting performance
Allele Types:
- Off
- On
| Predictable | Faster Sprinting | |
| Allele Pair | While Olympic sprinters tend to have these allele pairs, the collective influence of many environmental factors, such as training and diet, as well as other genes have a far greater impact on sprinting performance than ACTN3 alone. | |
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Jean | |
Did You Know?
ACTN3 influences how your muscle fibers use oxygen to generate energy.
Gene Heritage assesses ACTN3 to be an extremely minor influence on sprinting performance. While ACTN3’s influence may be relevant in Olympic sports, where a small advantage can make a big difference, for the vast majority of people there are many other influences on sprinting performance.
Another minor influence on sprinting performance is your height. All else being equal, a shorter person will not run as quickly as a taller one. In addition to ACTN3, hundreds if not thousands of other genes affect sprinting performance.
Many environmental factors influence sprinting performance as well, especially training and diet. ...
Gene Heritage assesses ACTN3 to be an extremely minor influence on sprinting performance. While ACTN3’s influence may be relevant in Olympic sports, where a small advantage can make a big difference, for the vast majority of people there are many other influences on sprinting performance.
Another minor influence on sprinting performance is your height. All else being equal, a shorter person will not run as quickly as a taller one. In addition to ACTN3, hundreds if not thousands of other genes affect sprinting performance.
Many environmental factors influence sprinting performance as well, especially training and diet. ...
How ACTN3 Works
ACTN3 gene encodes the Alpha-actinin protein, which is involved in the
composition of skeletal muscle.
For more details visit the ACTN3 gene reference page.
Skin Darkness
Trait Estimation for Skin Darkness
Trait estimation is not available yet for skin darkness. Many genes influence skin darkness, not just one gene. In this report we show the separate influence of several of these genes. Gene Heritage will be adding more genes as well as trait estimation in the future.
Other Genetic Influences
Some genetic mutations, including many forms of albinism, influence skin
darkness but are not detectable using the raw DNA data uploaded.
Your DNA collector(s)
do not provide enough data for the following genes that also influence
skin darkness:
ASIP,
and
TYR.
If you have more raw data from other DNA collectors
for Jean,
upload it
for free to get better coverage.
...
Other Genetic Influences
Some genetic mutations, including many forms of albinism, influence skin
darkness but are not detectable using the raw DNA data uploaded.
Your DNA collector(s)
do not provide enough data for the following genes that also influence
skin darkness:
ASIP,
and
TYR.
If you have more raw data from other DNA collectors
for Jean,
upload it
for free to get better coverage.
...
Key to Allele Types
Influence on Skin Darkness:
- More Dark
- Less Dark
Genes Influencing Skin Darkness
Inheritance of IRF4
Jean has two "M" alleles of gene IRF4 , one from Mother and one from Father. These alleles have an influence toward more dark skin.
Inheritance of KITLG
Jean has two "M" alleles of gene KITLG , one from Mother and one from Father. These alleles have an influence toward more dark skin.
Inheritance of SLC24A5
Jean has two European "L" alleles of gene SLC24A5 , one from Mother and one from Father. These alleles have an influence toward less dark skin.
Inheritance of SLC45A2
Jean has two European "L" alleles of gene SLC45A2 , one from Mother and one from Father. These alleles have an influence toward less dark skin.
For the following genes, it could not be determined which parent passed down which allele.
Upload raw DNA for at least one parent to determine which parent passed down which allele.
Gene Region
Allele
Pair Inheritance & Tree
Pair Inheritance & Tree
Other Genetic Influences
Some genetic mutations, including many forms of albinism, influence skin
darkness but are not detectable using the raw DNA data uploaded.
Your DNA collector(s)
do not provide enough data for the following genes that also influence
skin darkness:
ASIP,
and
TYR.
If you have more raw data from other DNA collectors
for Jean,
upload it
for free to get better coverage.
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Raw DNA files from certain
DNA collectors
do not provide the necessary data to report on some of these genes.
Gene Heritage does not report on traits of clinical importance.
This report is not intended for health care purposes or legal proceedings.
Talk to your health care provider or
a genetic counselor
if you seek professional health care assistance.
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"Highly Predictable" means a score above 5 for how well specific genes predict a trait.
See an example of a well known trait that has a predictability score of 9.9.
"Fairly Predictable" means a score between 5 and 0.3 for how well specific genes predict a trait.
See an example of a well known trait that has a predictability score of 4.5.
"Barely Predictable" means a score below 0.3 for how well specific genes predict a trait.
See an example of a well known trait that has a predictability score of 0.2.